Basically almost everyone including myself until recently think that the Big Bang was the most powerful explosion ever like a hyper giant firecracker and then matter spreading through space. But this idea has been mutated to make the general public understand. What the Big Bang Theory states is much, much weirder thank you think.
So, according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang was an event where the space between matters expanded. It is the expansion or stretching of space, not the movements of matter through space and all the matter/energy is compacted into a tiny, ridiculously tiny space but it is not of zero size. Remember singularity is not physical, singularity arises when Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity has been far beyond its realm. Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity fails at the quantum scale, so to understand the core of black hole or the beginning of the Big Bang, we need a Quantum Theory of Gravity.
To be honest, we don’t know anything about the time before 10^-43 seconds after the Big Bang. At this time, all our current understanding of physics fails and we need Quantum Theory of Gravity to understand it. At about 10^-36 seconds to 10^-33 or 10^-32 seconds, the universe (space) expanded at speed faster than the speed of light. After that, it slowed down and expanded at speed slower than the speed of light. Then, after 10^-13 seconds or about a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang, we know a lot of things in detail.
Shortly after the beginning of Big Bang, temperature were so hot that energy and matter were the same. Also, at around 10^-43 seconds after the Big Bang all the four fundamental forces become unified as one force. Then, first, gravity become different from the unified force, then strong nuclear force, then weak nuclear force and lastly electromagnetic force. After the universe cooled down, energy and radiation formed matter and antimatter. Due to an asymmetry in nature, for every 1 billion and one matter, there were 1 billion antimatter, so all the antimatter were annihilated and the remaining matter formed quarks and leptons. Then as temperature cooled down, protons and neutrons were formed and hydrogen atom and so on. From that, stars, galaxies, planets and finally us. I will write an upcoming blog describing this formation.
The core idea of this blog is that the Big Bang was not a hyper powerful explosion that created matter. It is the expansion/stretching of space between the matter. And the size of the compacted space was not zero but it is ridiculously, incredibly tiny.
So, what causes the Big Bang and form the matter? Honestly, no one knows before 10^-13 seconds after the Big Bang. So we don’t know anything about the beginning of Big Bang. All you hear are just assumptions. And the most popular idea is that quantum foam(virtual particles popping in and out of existence) kickstarts the event. Some even hypothesized that the force overcoming the binding force of matter is dark energy.
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